1. Julius Caesar was the best military commanders of all time.
2. His greatest achievement was the conquest of Gaul. Gaul was made a part of the Roman state.
3. Caesar claimed that the tribes posed a threat to the Gallic provinces.
4. Some of his critics say that the attack on the Gauls was due to his own ambition and desire to increase his military prestige.
5. After the Gallic War, Caesar became involved in the civil war against Pompey.
6. In 47 B.C., Caesar met Cleopatra, they became lovers. Caesar helped her defeat the king of Egypt. He made Cleopatra queen of the land.
7. Caesar also revised the Roman calendar. With some minor changes, that calendar is still used today.
8. Two leading members who planned a conspiracy against Caesar were Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Eventually there were sixty conspirators.
9. Caesar died on the Ides of March, he was stabbed to death. (March 15), 44 B.C.
Octavian Augustus:
1. In the battles of Philippi and Macedonia, Caesar’s rivals were defeated by Antony, Caesar’s right-hand man, and Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew.
2. The first Emperor of the Roman Empire was Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew, and adopted son.
3. The two leaders Octavian and Antony caused the third civil war of the Republic to break out.
4. The battle of Actium on the west coast of Greece ended the third civil war, with Octavian winning.
5. The “Res Gestae Divi Augusti” was a testament/ will that included a summary of the military and financial resources of the empire. It was also a political testament of Octavian-Augustus’s achievements. It is also known as the Acts of Achievement of the Divine Augustus.
6. The Pax Romana was called the Roman peace, a period of time which lasted for two centuries. When Octavian became Emperor, trade flourished, beautiful temples and buildings were created.
7. The person that succeeded Augustus as an Emperor was Tiberus. then Caligula, then Claudius, and finally Nero.
8. Octavian was given the name “Augustus” because it meant “Honored” or “Revered” one.
9. The significance of the battle of Actium was that it was a sea battle off the west coast of Greece. Both Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt. They committed suicide. Octavian then conquered Egypt in 30 B.C. He made it a Roman province and became sole ruler, the first Emperor of Rome.
Mark Antony:
1. Marcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony
2. He was a Roman politician and general. As a military commander and administrator, he was an important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar.
3. He was Caesar's right hand man.
4. Antony began an affair with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, who had been Caesar's lover in the last years of his life.
5. The queen gave birth to twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene
6. Later on, Antony was forced to return to Rome to deal with the aftermath of his wife and brother-in-law’s failed rebellion against Octavian.
7. Antony and Cleopatra resolved to commit suicide. Antony, thinking his lover already dead, stabbed himself with a sword but was then brought to die in Cleopatra's arms.
8. Cleopatra was captured but managed to kill herself with a poisonous snakebite.
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